ABSTRACT
It has been demonstrated that resistance exercise improves cognitive functions in humans. Thus, an animal model that mimics this phenomenon can be an important tool for studying the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms. Here, we tested if an animal model for resistance exercise was able to improve the performance in a hippocampus-dependent memory task. In addition, we also evaluated the level of insulin-like growth factor 1/insulin growth factor receptor (IGF-1/IGF-1R), which plays pleiotropic roles in the nervous system. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into three groups (N = 10 for each group): control, SHAM, and resistance exercise (RES). The RES group was submitted to 8 weeks of progressive resistance exercise in a vertical ladder apparatus, while the SHAM group was left in the same apparatus without exercising. Analysis of a cross-sectional area of the flexor digitorum longus muscle indicated that this training period was sufficient to cause muscle fiber hypertrophy. In a step-through passive avoidance task (PA), the RES group presented a longer latency than the other groups on the test day. We also observed an increase of 43 and 94% for systemic and hippocampal IGF-1 concentration, respectively, in the RES group compared to the others. A positive correlation was established between PA performance and systemic IGF-1 (r = 0.46, P < 0.05). Taken together, our data indicate that resistance exercise improves the hippocampus-dependent memory task with a concomitant increase of IGF-1 level in the rat model. This model can be further explored to better understand the effects of resistance exercise on brain functions.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Avoidance Learning/physiology , Hippocampus/physiology , Memory/physiology , Physical Conditioning, Animal/physiology , Resistance Training , Hippocampus/metabolism , Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/analysis , Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism , Rats, Wistar , Receptor, IGF Type 1/blood , Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolismABSTRACT
A single electroconvulsive shock (ECS) or a sham ECS was administered to male 3-4-month-old Wistar rats 1,2, and 4 h before training in an inhibitory avoidance test and in cued classical fear conditioning (measured by means of freezing time in a new environment). ECS impaired inhibitory avoidance at all times and, at 1 or 2 h before training, reduced freezing time before and after re-presentation of the ECS. These results are interpreted as a transient conditioned simulus (CS)-induced anxiolytic or analgesic effect lasting about 2 h after a single treatment, in addition to the known amnesic effect of the stimulus. This suggests that the effect of anterograde learning impairement is demonstrated unequivocally only when the analgesic/anxiolytic effect is over (about 4 h after ECS administration) and that this impairment of learning is selective, affecting inhibitory avoidance but not classical fear conditioning to a discrete stimulus.
Subject(s)
Male , Animals , Rats , Avoidance Learning/physiology , Conditioning, Classical/physiology , Electroshock/adverse effects , Fear/physiology , Amnesia/physiopathology , Analgesia , Analysis of Variance , Anxiety/physiopathology , Freezing , Rats, Wistar , Statistics, Nonparametric , Time FactorsABSTRACT
1. The effect of acute ethanol on memory was studied in an eight-arm radial maze by interposing a 15-s or 1-h delay between the rat's fourth and fifth arma choices. 2. Ethanol (1.0g/Kg) was injected intraperitoneally 5 min prior to the firsrt set of 4-arm choices, therefore being presrnt since the acquisition of the trial-unique event. 3. The results showed 1) a decrease in choice accuracu only in the final 4 arm choices after the 1-h delay, and 2) that errors consisted of re-entries into arms chosen before the delay was imposed. The data further support the contention that ethanol impairs retention of working memory